WNT and NOTCH: Joining Efforts to Maintain the Intestinal Homeostasis

Abstract

Colorectal tumors with mutations on Wnt family members show an overexpression of several Notch target genes, suggesting a link between Wnt and Notch signaling pathways.

In this work, we have demonstrated that there is a direct relation between Wnt and Notch pathways that it is responsible for the maintenance of the intestinal proliferative compartment and crucial for intestinal tumorigenesis. We have identified two different mechanisms through β-catenin interacts with Notch to activate transcription: 1) β-catenin activates Notch through the transcriptional activation of Notch ligand Jagged1. Jagged1 expression leads the binding to the Notch receptor, promoting its cleavage and activation. This mechanism occurs in human colorectal tumors, with nuclear β-catenin, overexpressed Jagged1 and activated Notch. 2) β-catenin and Notch bind simultaneously to a specific group of gene promoters. We observed that this group of genes is overexpressed in tumours with mutations in Wnt signaling. Moreover, β-catenin and Notch physically interact in the nucleus of colorectal tumour cell lines. We have characterized a group of genes that are double target genes for β-catenin and Notch; in other words, these genes require the activation of both Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. These genes are expressed in the intestinal undifferentiated compartment. The loss of any of these signalling pathways reduced stem cell marker expression, reinforcing the importance of the interaction between both signalling pathways.

The study of conditional knockouts mice for Jagged1 indicated that Jagged1 is not required for maintaining the intestinal homeostasis. However, Jagged1 is crucial during the tumorigenic process. Our data opens a new possibility for colorectal treatment, using inhibitors of Notch ligand Jagged1, avoiding side effects in the intestinal normal tissue.