Deciphering the role of endothelial cells in the regulation of physiological and pathological white adipose tissue remodelling

Abstract

In response to nutritional variation, white adipose tissue (WAT) undergoes a physiological remodelling that involves qualitative and quantitative changes in resident cells and is coordinated with angiogenesis. In a condition of chronic over nutrition WAT expansion is associated to insufficient vascularisation which in turn leads to local hypoxia, inflammation and adipocytes death (hallmark of obesity). Currently, enhanced WAT angiogenesis is believed to be a promising intervention to ameliorate obesity associated metabolic dysfunctions. However, we still lack understanding of the cell intrinsic function of endothelial cells in WAT remodelling. Here we take advantage of our mouse model of PTEN (a dual lipid/protein phosphatase that counterbalance the activity of PI3K) deletion in ECs to promote vessel growth, in a cell autonomous manner. To this end, we crossed Ptenflox/flox mice with PdgfbiCreERT2 transgenic mice that express a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase in ECs; 4-hydroxytamoxifen was administered in vivo at postnatal day 1 (P1) and P2 to activate Cre expression. Increased ECs proliferation, induced by PTEN loss, promotes vascular hyperplasia exclusively in WAT and leads to a progressive loss of WAT mass. PTEN null ECs undergo a metabolic switch towards an oxidative metabolism; in vivo inhibition of - oxidation is sufficient to revert both vascular hyperplasia and loss of WAT mass. Enhanced adipose vascularisation prevents from high fat diet induced WAT hypertrophy, limits body weight gain and improves glucose tolerance. Taken together our results suggest that, under obesogenic stimuli, more functional ECs prevent unhealthy WAT expansion and consequently the onset of obesity related comorbidity.